Everything about chemistry

Electrochemistry basically deals with conversation of  electrical energy to chemical energy & vice-versa. In These two types of cell ( battery) comes 1) electrolytic cell 2) galvanic cell. 1) electrolytic cell : In this electrical energy is converted into chemical energy. To produce chemical energy the electrical current is passed. e.g. for electroplating These cells are used. 2) galvanic cell : In this electrical energy is produced due to chemical energy. It is spontaneous process. In this no external electrical energy is supplied. e.g. lithium ion battery. In the construction of cells two rods are used 1) Anode - always oxidation occurs 2) cathode - always reduction occurs. Anode is positive in electrolytic cell Anode is negative in galvanic cell. Cathode is negative in electrolytic cell Cathode is positive in galvanic cell.

Functional groups interconversion.

Base - it is any compound which gives OH- ions in the solutions. Base can be further classified as 1) weak base 2) strong base 3) organic base 4) inorganic base. 1) weak base :- A base which does not dissociates completely in the solution is known as weak base. e.g. NH3 2) Strong base :- A base which dissociates completely in the solution is known as strong base. e.g. NaOH 3) organic base:- an organic compound which acts as a base is known as organic base. e.g. pyridine, methylamine. 4) inorganic base:- an inorganic compounds which has ability to neutralize the orgaic compound & produce salt. e.g. calcium carbonate.

Acid : It is a substance (compound ) which Gives H+ ions in the solution. We can classify acid in following categories. 1) organic acids 2) inorganic acids. 3)strong acid 4) weak acid 1) organic acids : These are carbon containing acids . e.g carboxylic acid ( - COOH), citric acid (C6H8O7)  , latic acid (C3H6O6), Oxalic acid (C2H2O4). 2) Inorganic acid : The acids which does not contain carbon. e.g.  H2SO4( sulphuric acid) , NH3 ( Nitric acid ), HCl etc. 3) strong acid : The acid which completely dissociates in solution is called strong acid. e.g.HCL , H2SO4, HNO3. 4)weak acid : The acid which does not completely dissolved ( dissociates) In solutions are called weak acid. e.g. acetic acid ( CH3COOH ), latic acid ( C3H6O6), citric acid ( C6H8O7).. I think these are the basic things which we should know about acids. You can buy this book. By using below link. General knowledge book -2021 https://amzn.to/2PDvug1

Chemical bond :- a bond between two atoms is formed when there is sharing of electrons or gain/loss  to form a stable compounds. Type of chemical bonds : 1) covalent bond : it is formed when there is sharing of electrons between two atoms. Also known as π-π bond . ( Lateral overlap) E.g -CH4 , CO. 2) coordinate- covalent bond : It is formed when there is sharing of lone pair of electrons between non-metal to metal. E.g-.  Comples 3) ionic bond : it is formed by gain or loss of electrons between two atoms . Also known as  sigam bond ( axial overlap). E.g -. NaCl. 4) Hydrogen bonds : it is formed due to polarity between two atoms . It is weak bond . It is formed between hydrogen & electronagative atom of another compound. a) intermolecular hydrogen bonding : it is weak bond formed between hydrogen & electronegative atom of another compound. e.g. H2O,NH3. b) intermolecular hydrogen bonding: it is formed within same molecule between hydrogen & electronegative

Definition: The branch of chemistry which deals with study of carbon & carbon related compounds is known as organic chemistry. When reactant gets converted into product between that the reactive intermediate are formed. 1) carbonations : The spaces carrying positive charge on carbon atom and having only 6 electrons in its outer valence shell are known as carbonations. 2) carbanions :- the species carrying negative charge on carbon atom and having 8 electrons in its outer valency are known as carbanions 3) free radicals :- an atom having odd number of electrons is known as free radicals. 4) carbens :-   carbens are neutral, divalent carbon intermediates in which carbon is covalently bonded  to two atoms and has two non bonding orbitals containing two electrons between them . this are  electron deficient species. 5) Arynes or Benzynes :  it is a neutral highly reactive intermediate in which the aromatic character has not been much more and disturbed. 6) Nitrenes : Nitr